HEIWA845

Niijima was introduced to Hardy, the president of the shipping company. Hardy was struck by reading the "Written Reason for Deportation" written by Yozo all night, and believed that meeting this young man was God's guidance, and decided to support him both physically and mentally. Joe had enrolled in the Phillips Academy, whose board is Hardy. After that, he was baptized in 1866 to become a Christian and went to Amherst University in 1867. He experienced dormitory life here. Roommates testified to him as "cleanliness, thorough Christianity, a complete gentleman". What was remarkable about the great success of Tsuyoshi after that was that he accompanied the Iwakura Mission and visited the United States and European countries. Xiang served as an interpreter and guide. The tour of the Iwakura Mission took place over a year from 1872 (Meiji 5). The people of the delegation were greatly helped by Joe.It was on November 29, 1874 that he returned to Japan and reunited with his family. New activity in Japan begins.

Niijima finally marked a step in America. In his diary on July 26, in 1865, he went, "Today I took my boatman to Boston and bought me a coat, a crotch, a crown, tabi, etc. for myself. They costed about $ 17 in total." The crotch means pants and the crown means a hat. It can be seen that at the time of landing, Joe first encountered a culture shock in terms of clothes. He would probably wear hats and pants and think about Japan far away. Speaking of 1865, Japan was in the midst of the Tokugawa tumult. The success of Shinsaku Takasugi, the establishment of the Satsuma Alliance, and the collapse of the Edo Shogunate continued. The diary on August 24th describes the joy of reuniting with the Berlin Captain. Berlin was the first ship to help him escape. Joe shouted, "I can't stand my joy, I'm my old shipowner." There was a fire on this day in Boston, and he was very surprised to see the steam engine playing an active role in extinguishing the fire. "Fire and quarrel are Edo no Hana", and fire extinguishers were active in Japan.

Joe was enjoying the voyage. It was May 30 that he missed Mt. Fuji looking at Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town). On June 18, she passed near St. Helena. He was sorry that the ship could not see Napoleon's tomb at first glance because he did not stop on the island. It was 52 years old in 1821 that Napoleon broke down in battle and died lonely on the Atlantic island of St. Helena. Joss passed this island in 1865, about 44 years after Napoleon's death. I crossed the equator on June 29 and finally arrived in Boston on July 20. I feel like I can understand the heart of the joy when I saw the sight of the United States that I dreamed of across the ocean. On Monday, July 24, he wrote in his diary as follows. "Let's land in Boston today, buy a biography of Robinson Crusoe. The price is a dollar and a half." He bought two books on the voyage. The other is a Bible that I bought in Shanghai. At last it will be an American story.

The last time he touched the scene of approaching Boston Harbor, he will introduce the voyage leading up to it from a diary. Xiang sometimes spells his feelings for his parents during the voyage. For example, August 15, 1864, "If you look at the moon of tonight and the night of fifteen nights, and feel the hearts of your parents, you will be able to mourn naturally." Also, on August 21st, "How many parents are there now?" Seeing the endless sea and the mysterious sight of a foreign country, Joe would have been overwhelmed by the infinite size of the earth. On November 30, we enter the estuary of Saigon (Burma). There is a lighthouse on a nearby mountain, stating that the French flag is flashing, and locals observe that the color is black and extremely dirty. The following year, May 30, we finally reached Cape Town, the southern tip of Africa. He wrote, "I'm glad I saw the bored mountains on the long seaway and the blue mountain ranges."
"I can now see Mt.Fuji without snow, but my parents don't stare at Fuji with snow."
It's finally the Atlantic Ocean past Cape Town.

Niijima Joe transferred to another American ship in Shanghai. The captain was Taylor on the Wild Rover. The captain gave me the name Joe. Xiang wanted to buy a Chinese New Testament in Hong Kong, but did not have the money. I asked the captain to buy a sword for $ 8, and I was able to buy the Bible safely. The happy figure comes to my eyes. The ship headed for Manila, loaded hemp and returned home. On leaving the Port of Manila, I was worried about the British ship being ambushed. In the Civil War, Britain was on the southern side, and feared that the boat of the castle would be attacked. However, there was no attack since the Civil War had already ended. The ship left Manila on April 10, 1865, with the end of the Civil War on April 9th, immediately before. The ship left Manila and headed for Boston. It took four months to Boston. As the port of Boston approached, the captain told him "That's Cape Cod. It's my hometown."

We introduce the adventure from the voyage diary of Joss. After successfully diving into the Berlin, he heads to Shanghai. Joe wanted to bet his life on this new adventure. He said in his heart. "If all my attempts fail, there is no loss to my country, but if I am allowed to return home after a long excursion in a country I haven't seen yet, I will do something for my beloved homeland. I can do my service. "A beautiful Hakodate was disappearing beyond the horizon. The time has finally come for Japanese islands to disappear beyond the horizon. In order to see its final appearance, Joe climbed the mast. Joe says, "I'm somewhat sentimental. My worst suffering was my affection for my parents and grandfather, but the future gave me new courage." Three days after disappearing, the Berliner entered Shanghai. Joe was then beaten in the ship and furiously attempted to pull his sword. It was the beginning of a struggle.

Niijima Joe was born in the house of Annaka feudal lord. Therefore, it was natural that the character of the Annaka Domain influenced his personality formation. The feudal lord, Katsuaki Itakura was open-minded and loved academic studies. He had been paying lots of attention to Western studies. Katsuaki selected three talented young men from the feudal lords and had thme learn Dutch studies, one of which was Niijima. At that time, "learning" was a common practice where young people were sent to scholars to study. Niijima got a chance to study in Hakodate. He decided to travel abroad in Hakodate, that was, to leave Japan. He was fortunate to get acquainted with a Japanese clerk employed by a British merchant. This person was Fukushi Unokichi. This person helped Niijima getting out of the country. He went out on a small boat in the middle of the night in secret. The captain of an American ship that stopped offshore had consent. In this way, Niijima succeeded in boarding the American ship Berlin. His life full of adventures began.

Jo Niijima hated Tokugawa's society, which was almost suffocating. He didn't like the life of obedience to the lord. He studied Dutch learning and felt excited with that my new knowledge. He was so impressed with “Relief Strategy” recommended by somebody, that he felt like his brain melting with those new information. It described how the elections were managed, as well as tuition-free public schools and juvenile rehabilitation facilities. He also attended a Bible study meeting and was very interested in the story of God who created the heaven and earth. It was the time when families were crucified if you read the bible. He was so curious about the world out there that he couldn't stop thinking about it. Joe crossed Hakodate, where he boarded the U.S. vessel Berlin for Shanghai, then transited to the Wild Rover, sailed for four months, and arrived in Boston. Going to America then was like going to space today. We are amazed by their courage back then. The United States that he landed was a chaotic society right after the Civil War, but the world he saw there was incredible.

Niijima Joe was born in the house of Annaka feudal lord. That was the end of the Edo shogunate. Japan continued to be isolated, but outside, the world was undergoing major changes and the wave of Western aggression was imminent. He said that his childhood name was Shimeta. It is said that the origin of the name was that he was the first boy, when only the girls were born in the house, and the people at home shouted, "Shimeta." meaning "Good job" in Japanese. In order to learn about Niijima Jo's life, his background is indispensable. In particular, we need to know the situation in the United States where Josou left the country. During his childhood, the American Civil War took place. Lincoln's slave liberation would have had a huge impact on the young Joss. When he successfully escaped and arrived in Boston, President Lincoln was assassinated. Although the Civil War was won by the North, it was time for the United States to continue its major development in the West. The joss ran into the storm. In contrast to Shoin Yoshida, who wanted to see the United States and challenged Kurofune, he talks about the departure of Jo.

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident following the Great East Japan Earthquake poses tremendously serious problems to our modern society. After nine years, it has not yet ended. Along with this accident, Tanaka's view of civilization is renewed. It is because Tanaka's appeal, which is said to be the originator of the pollution movement, has not lost its power more than 100 years after its death. We must now bite deeply into Tanaka's scream, "True civilization must not destroy mountains and rivers and kill people. "The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident shows that pollution is changing and repeating. And it seems to me that the civilization perceived as progress is actually destroying the environment. It seems that the destruction of Yanaka Village was predicting today's global crisis. Now peace is threatened, but peace can exist with true civilization. Tanaka, civilization, peace. Tanaka claims that the line is inseparable.

As a countermeasure against floods, the government crushed Yanaka Village and set it as a basin to collect a large amount of water. Tanaka criticized this policy and strongly opposed it. He argued that it was urgent to protect and nurture the forests of the headwaters. The Flood in August 1873 supported Tanaka's claim. All around Yanaka-mura was submerged, and only the top of the forest and roof was visible from the rescue boat. The government and many people called this a natural disaster, but Tanaka argued that it was a "man-made disaster" and wrote in his diary that if this was called a "natural disaster, rat urine would also be a natural disaster." The Asahi Shimbun of that time wrote in an editorial as follows. "The cause of the terrible damage was not that the embankment was particularly weak, but that the rivers were blocked by the runoff of debris due to degraded forests at the headwaters, and that the rivers were blocked. This is more a man-made disaster than a natural disaster. "The true civilization does not destroy rivers and villages and does not kill people." Tanaka's theory of civilization has attracted new attention after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Reiwa 2nd year has begun. Turbulence and confusion are accelerating. I can feel the impending crisis of the earth. In this situation, the United Nations has called for "sustainable development" and has shouted that "it will not be left alone." This is an unsustainable situation It tells how many people are left behind. Tanaka's critique of civilization, "What is true civilization," applies to today's world. This view of civilization was written the year before Tanaka's death, but in his year of death (1913, Taisho 2), he argued in his diary about the abolition of arms. This assertion as militarism gains momentum demonstrates that Tanaka is not an average politician. Tanaka had a lonely time later in the life that the people did not understand. "Nobody understands," lamented. At the other end of the spectrum of today's politicians, with the mood of the masses first, is Shozo Tanaka. Democracy is said to be in crisis now. Population pacifism makes democracy superficial.

It is the last "HEIWA" lecture in the first year of Reiwa. Looking back on this series, you can see how vast the peace can be. I also feel that peace had been exposed to the challenges of a long history. This time, I would like to think about Tanaka Shozo with this feeling. Therefore, I take up "Ichibei Furukawa". The opponent Tanaka Shozo fought for a lifetime was the poison of the Ashio Copper Mine. And the owner of the copper mine that shed poison was this Furukawa. This copper mine king built a conglomerate called the Furukawa Group in one generation. This man was born as a child of a poor tofu shop in Kyoto and grew up abused by his stepmother. A man who had lived a life like a warlord in a Sengoku, but is an indispensable person in understanding the Watarasegawa poisoning problem. It is said that there were seven concubines. His wife, Tane, died in the morning of late Meiji 34, throwing herself in the Kanda River. Speaking of the late Meiji 34, there was Shozo Tanaka's direct appeal to the Emperor. It seems that she could not stand public opinion attacks on the poisoning problem. Everyone, please have a good year.

The first year of Reiwa is nearing its end. I would like to sort out the main points of Tanaka Shozo before welcoming the New Year. The damage from the poison was tremendous. Tanaka was determined to die when he decided to act the direct appeal to the Emperor. There was a great response out there. The great thing about Tanaka is that he never ceased it until his last breath. It was his courage and conviction that supported what he did for the rest of his life. In the previous year before his death, he wrote in his diary a famous criticism of "What the civilization was". This still applies to today's society. Tanaka was a great prophet. He is becoming“the pioneer of the pollution movement” more and more day by day. Today, we have no true politician like Tanaka. The book, “The Destruction of Yanaka Village,” which will be reffered soon, comes close to our hearts beyond time. Dr. Kozo's poison analysis, which I talked about the other day, shows the conscience of scholars and teaches us what learning should really be. Kenneth Strong described Tanaka as "the world's greatest person" and described it as "the founder of the world's first serious movement to fight industrial pollution." I'm going to move on to this foreigner, Kenneth Strong little by little as well.

This time we will take up Kurosawa Yuzo. “An encounter with a person could make a huge difference in life. In my case, it was Masazo Tanaka,” Kurosawa recalled. Kurosawa was born in Mito. He was raised up in a poor family where his mother went on business to support the family. He was 17 years old, when he moved up to Tokyo having a firm will. In this year, Shozo Tanaka had the incident which was the direct complaint. He was so impressed with this incident that he could not help sending a letter to him. What surprised him when he met Tanaka was his gentle smile. It was very different from what he heard, which was like the furious angry face. He was asked to visit the mine site by Tanaka, and he was very angry to see the disaster there. Since then, he did his best to help Tanaka. He became the person who knew Tanaka the most. Kurosawa, who later founded Snow Brand Milk Products, decided to create a complete collection of Shozo Tanaka to carry Tanaka's truth to future generations. With Iwanami Shoten's help, all eighteen volumes were completed. Kurosawa called this collection "paper monument". Knowing Kurosawa is a huge step closer to Tanaka.

This time, I will take up Yoshinao Kozai. To know him is inevitable when talking about the Ashio poisoning and Masao Tanaka. He was a very smart kid as he was called as God's kid. At the same time, he had a strong sense of justice. He became the president of Tokyo Imperial University after he experienced teaching in Tokyo University of Agriculture. One day one of the peasants visited his office to ask for his help in investigating the poisoned mine, when he heard that Mr.Kozai was a fair, good-heared person. He accepted this favor, and got started on the investigation against any pressure that came from the government. He never ceased the investigation until he finally proved that it was the Ashio mine that kept draining the poison around. It was outstanding that the students in Ichi high school helped the field survey.
This incident made a great change in the peasant movement with Shozo Tanaka. For mass movements that are driven by emotion and tend to be weak in terms of rationale, scientific reinforcements can be said to be a million ally. Dr. Yoshinao Kozai was the grandfather of Mr. Yoshihide Kozai who served as the Gunma Observatory in Takayama Village. I would like to touch on the story of this global astronomer.

It was the fourth episode of "Shozo Tanaka" series in Mainichi newspaper last week and I am starting to hear some feedbacks now. Those feedbacks would do this our HEIWA lecture good in a way. In the previous year before his death, Tanaka wrote in the diary: "A true civilization should not kill mountains, rivers, villages, and kill people." His thoughts about civilization is still with us today after many years passed since his last breath. He was like a prophet. If civilization is considered a scientific advance, civilization without a philosophy appears to be a suicide act. We had just welcomed Pope, and he stood on the bombed land of Nagasaki, blaming nuclear power, and calling it terrorism. If Tanaka stood in the bombed areas of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he would have done the same thing as Pope. Currently, Japan seems heading for its catastrophic ending, but there seems no politician who claims for "true civilization." Why I call my series "Reviving Shozo Tanaka” is because I think we need to have Shozo Tanaka back in our time. Today, I will show the true figure of Tanaka in this lecture.

This time, I will introduce two figures who are important upon knowing Tanazo Shozo, Arahata Kanson and Kotoku Shusui. Arahata Kanson was the person who wrote “The chronicle of Destroyed Yanaka Village”, while Kotoku Shusui wrote a direct complaint for Shozo Tanaka. These two guys were talked in the 3rd episode of Mainichi Newspaper, but I will talk about another interesting story besides that. Kanson was a serious socialist, and when he was 20 years old, he was driven by a burning desire to finish “The chronicle of Destroyed Yanaka Village” at once, but this book was banned for sale as soon as it was published. Kotoku Shusui, who appreciated Shozo Tanaka's belief, wrote a direct complaint, but he was sentenced to death after another great reversal. These episodes of the two guys can help us to have more real picture of Shozo Tanaka, who he really was. Altogether, let us talk about Yanaka Village as well. This is the village that was sarcrificed to Ashio mine pollusion and vanished from the map. We will go through why poison pollusion was called the origin of disruption, by looking into the case of Yanaka Village. It may help you to understand why we need to have Shozo Tanaka reborn now.

The direct complaint of Shozo Tanaka helped the people who were not interested in Ashio's mineral poisoning getting aware with much concern. It was especially outstanding that a new team was made by students as to inspect the Ashio mine. The number of students who joined in the special train from Ueno Station exceeded 1,000, and more and more students joined it at each station on the way. Almost all of the students who participated this incident were from all the universities in Tokyo, including Waseda, needless to say Tokyo University. They sang together on the train,“Songs Visiting Minerals”. This meant to be the momentum of the rising country called Meiji and is also shocking as it showed the students' pure aspirations. Here are some of the quotes from the song. It began with "Furukawa no Kisha no Journey in less than two hours after visiting the Imperial City", followed with "The coast of the Watarase River has no color to live in, as the year of the poisonous flow of the Ashio Mountain". Someone who participated in this inspection looked back on the time, saying,“ The tragedy of the mine site could not be expressed with a stroke. ” I will talk about how the young confronted the pollution.

Shozo Tanaka gave a famous “Lost Country Speech” in the Imperial Assembly. “If the government keeps mine draining without being aware that it is killing the country slowly, then the end of the country is approaching soon.” At this time, the whole parliament went silent, although it was always full of the voices with accusation. Back then Shozo Tanaka was determined with his heart. Any speeches are to be left with their hearts not because of the beautiful words, but because of the passions that strike their hearts. After this speech, Shozo Tanaka resigned Imperial Assembly and directly appealed to Emperor Meiji. It was Kotoku Shusui who read the letter for him, starting with a word "I have a favor for you, Sir."
There came a strange beard man split the crowds right in front of the Emperor's carriage. The captain among his bodyguards swung down the long sword from the top of the horse. The Manto newspaper issued its exta out and the public went enthusiastic all at once. It was the reaction the young took that took people's attention. Takuboku Ishikawa who was in the former junior high school, got so impressed with it so he wrote a poem about it, and more than a thousand students, including students in Tokyo University, sang a song of poison while marching to the affected area. The leader of the march was Kanzo Uchimura.

The poison flowing from the Ashio copper mine had killed the mountain, turning the river with life into a devil's river. Many residents there stood up and raised their voice. Its hub was based in Unryuji Temple in Tatebayashi City. More than a thousand people went to Tokyo and got involved into a tangle with police officers. It ended up with a lot of people getting injured. This incident is called "Kawamata" case. Shozo Tanaka became a member of the House of Representatives from Tochigi Prefecture. He was very famous for his intensive performance interrogating the government in the imperial parliament. It is amazing he was the very first one to deal with the pollution problems with all his heart in the very old time as the Meiji era. Shozo Tanaka wrote in his diary just before the death (previous year). “A true civilization will not destroy the mountains, the river, the village, and the people there shall not be killed.” This is a prophecy about environmental issues and it is extremely modern. This is because we are having our civilization in crisis. At the end of this story, you would find him making a direct plea to Meiji Emperor. I hope that you will cherish this lecture, which runs in parallel with Mainichi Shinbun. I believe that it will enrich your heart and solidify the foundation of NIPPON ACADEMY.

Serialization of my "Tanaka Shozo" started in Mainichi newspaper(Gunma version) every other Saturday. There is a reason why Mainichi newspaper is focusing on this subject. Taking this into consideration, we will promote the “Heiwa” lecture. Shozo Tanaka was from Tochigi, but he was also involved in Gunma Prefecture. He dedicated his life to the Ashio Copper Mine poisoning incident. He died at the age of 73 in 1913. His behavior and thoughts are extremely modern. This means that the subtitle of the series was “Reviving Shozo Tanaka”. I write a series of brushes with the belief that I have to have him revived, while proceeding with “Heiwa”. He was the first one to deal with pollution problems. The youngs in the time got enthusiastic by his case of appealing directly to Emperor Meiji at the risk of his life. Today, many people are screaming for the earth downfall, and this is almost exact as Tanaka's prophecy. Peace would not be made without a good environment. I believe my lecture will leave a treasure in your heart.

Lincoln's greatest wish was to prevent federation of states split. It was to protect the American democracy, based on the philosophy of “pursuit of freedom, equality and happiness”. The Federation was saved by the victory over the Civil War in the north. His another wish was to achieve the “moral purpose” that “the United States should be”. It came true with the slave release. What he had achieved left a global sense in American history. Lincoln said in his second presidential address that it was important to give anybody mercy instead of offense”, which was made for not only Americans but also all human beings on the planet. Finally, to summrize, let me emphasize:“Lincoln's legacy was to prevent the division of the United States and to give American politics a high moral purpose.” From now on, we will move on to the chapter of Masazo Tanaka. My serialization started at Mainichi newspaper once a week.

On April 9, 1865, the Civil War was over. It lasted for four years and killed 600,000 people both in the north and the south. Since his first win in the election, Lincoln had always been at the risk of assassination. Letters to threaten him came in every day, and a bundle of envelopes said “Assassination Documents”. Lincoln had always suffered from nightmares, with death that never left his head. At the beginning of April, Lincoln had a dream of being assassinated and a veil was covering his forehead. The fateful day was April 14th. This was "Good Friday", the day Christ was executed. On this morning, a ministerial meeting was held and Lincoln went, “I'm not going to take any harsh treatments in the south. We were bloodied enough. No more blood is needed.” Later this day Lincoln headed to Ford Theater with his wife, Mary. They took a special seat. It was a box seat overlooking the stage. The play has already begun. It was a famous “comedy”. But at that time the biggest “tragedy” was approaching.

First of all, let me explain a few points that I missed last time about “Gettysburg”. Gettysburg was a small town but strategically very important. And we need to make a point on how important Lincoln's speech was along with the the worst numbers of the casualties in the town one more time. Next, the important thing to say today is that Lincoln's first term was over and he was re-elected as the president during the war (November 8, 1864). Then, in January 1865, "Constitution Amendment Article 13" was granted through the parliament, by all the effort he made. Lincoln praised this incident as the great moral victory. After that, Lincoln appealed in his inaugural address: "This tragic battle is a punishment that God has made. On April 9 1865, a telegram of "General Lee" got to Lincoln's hand. Lincoln saved many people from execution. The United States escaped the crisis of division, but it was devastated after all. Immediately after this, Lincoln's sad fate awaits.

Lincoln stepped up the path of politicians step by step, believing in the true freedom and equality of humanbeing. And finally the time had come for him. He was elected as the 16th president in the vote in 1861. By this election, having the president again slavery, the South had another country of their own, Civil war was started. Confederate commander was General Lee with many strategies, while the commander of the Union was General Grant. Among all the battles, "Gettysburg" was the most important place where many highways gathered. When the U.S. army won, the slaves worshiped Lincoln as "God!" And "Our Savior!" Now, let's go through the speech made in Gettysburg and the declaration of liberation one more time. When the battle was over, there were voices heard as such:"Let's get compensation from the south" and "Let's kill all the prisoners". What decision did Lincoln make? It shows the greatness of Lincoln. We will also talk about the connection between Gettysburg's speech and the Constitution of Japan. Highlights of the "Heiwa" lecture.

Lincoln had experienced several terms as a member, while he worked as a lawyer at the same time. These two careers helped him to be somebody in the town. He won a seat in the House, designated by the Whig party at the age of 37. In these days when the gold mine was found in California, his father passed away, but he decided not to attend the funeral. And "Uncle Tom's hut" was published (1852, Lincoln 43 years old). The conflict between North and South got the most intence this time. Lincoln said, "Slave system is the root of all evil. It's Cancer. It's growing out of control in this country. Not only is it wrong, but also it threatens the rights of all people. People who don't want to be slaves are not to have slaves. It is natural for humanbeings who deny freedom of others to be denied as well." Lincoln firmly believed that the foundation of American democracy was in the declaration of independence. That is," All human beings have the right to pursue happiness in freedom, equality". Lincoln thought this over and over with his life.

Lincoln finally won the Illinois state legislature in his second chance when he was 25 years old. It was a small but first step as a politician. Lincoln studied law all by himself to be a better politician, and when he was 28, he became a lawyer. Lincoln moved from New Salem to Springfield and worked as a lawyer and a politician at the same time. It was because Springfield became the new capital of Illinois then. There were 2 major political parties back then in the United States: One was the Whig Party and the other was the Democratic Party. Lincoln was in a Whig party member. The Whig Party's idea was that the United States government should be the leader of all the states with the great power, while the Democratic Party went like each state should go independent and excute their own politics where there should be some space from the government. It was some years later when the Republican Party was established. Lincoln fell in love with Mary, a beautiful girl, and they got married when he was at the age of 33. He began to learn how important it was to make this world a peaceful place, while dealing with politics everyday.

Lincoln was 16 years old when he was over 180 centimeters tall, and was the strongest in wrestling and running in the neighborhood. He barely went to school, but he spent much time reading many books that were said to be must-read in life. One of the book was "Introduction to elocution". He went independent in the village called New Salem in Illinois, and became somebody there. He became friends with the top of a groupe of tyants after an awful fight with them. When he became 23, he run for the senate and did his best making campaign for the town but he was lost by a small margin. Then he opened a grocery store, having ended up a bankrupt which went up to million dept. After that, he got a job as a chief postman through his career. In 1834, he was elected in the senate. He was 25 at that time. He studied a lot to become an attorney in order to conduct better politics. He studied while working in the outland as he made up his mind to dedicate his life in peace nad development.

Lincoln was born in 1809 in a log cabin in Kentucky. He went to school which was made with logs, without any windows. His parents were both illiterate. His mother was Nancy and her father was Thomas. His biological mother passed away when he was nine. There came his new step-mother that had three children of her own. She was very caring with love and raised him just like her own child. Lincoln couldn't go to school often. “After all it was less than a year in total that I spent in school.", he said. It was books and newspapers that he learned from. He read his favorite books over and over again. He was excited with "Robinson Crusoe", "Arabian Night", "Biography of Washington" and so on. He was particularly impressed with the independence war in the biography of Washington. It is telling us how important it is to learn while working. The small sprout that grew in Lincoln's heart eventually grew into a large trunk that supported himself. I would like to approach who he really was like.

We are entering the chapter of Abraham Lincoln, after "Uncle Tom's Hut". Uncle Tom was born in Kentucky, while Lincoln was also born in a log cabin in the state. When he was a boy, he went down on the Mississippi to New Orleans, which was the city in the beginning of the river, to see the slaves being auctioned. He was so shocked by that scene. He studied all by himself, aspiring to be a politician. At this time, slavery was becoming a national issue in the states. The United States used to be a dependent country of the UK. When they got independent, it was stated that all human beings are equal under God in the declaration. This statement did not make sense if the slavery continued. The world was changing drastically. The industrial revolution that was started in the UK had made great progress, and the machine industry had greatly developed in the northern United States. On the other hand, there were large cotton fields over the southern part, supported by the slavery. The United States faced a crisis of national split over slavery. Lincoln was determined to avoid this split.

Mrs. Stow was the housewife who took care of seven children and wrote a piece of work beside a busy housework to have a better financial circumstance. She actually saw a black couple being sold separately at the dock at the Ohio River, and a child being taken away from his parents' hands. She was caught up in anger and rushed into the headquater of the slavery market to know how they were doing after the trade. There she found out this one female slave who run away desperately, holding her baby in her hands across the frozen icy Ohio. Nothing could ever stopped her from writing a story, and she kept writing anytime all day long either in the kitchen or in the corner of the kids' room. 3,000 copies were sold out on the day this novel came out on sale in the bookstores. The women who read this book in London prayed for liberation and half a million people signed a petition and sent it to her. Mrs. Stow, who was said to have caused the war, made the foundation of peace in the hearts of people all over the world. I would like to learn about equality and human rights that support peace, and the power of women.

The Shelby's first boy, George Shelby, said goodbye to Tom in the tomb and returned to Kentucky. One day George gathered slaves in the house and handed out certificates giving freedom to each one. He went, "You will no longer be sold or bought. I gave my words not to have you go through hard times like Tom in front of his tomb. I set you free thanks to Tom. Every time you see Tom's tomb, please do your best to be a good person like Tom." And the blacks thanked God all at once. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War. The Civil War, which lasted for five years, ended with the Union victory, with 620,000 deaths. Lincoln made a famous speech at the ceremony of the biggest battlefield, Gettysburg. It is very important for peace and democracy. Let me reflect on Mrs. Stow's true goal with the words in his speech.

The good cruise ship was floating up the Mississippi. That one tall lady came out of the cabin whose companion was a cute black girl. It was Cathy and Emmelin who escaped from the place of the cruel Regrey. A French lady came out of the cabin, next to Kathy's room. They started talking about George Shelby. They found out that this was a safe place, so started to talk about their stories. And here came the surprise. That French lady talked more after she found out that George Shelby was from Kentucky. "Was there anybody called George Harris around you by any chance?" He went, "He is running away to Canada for the moment." She went, "He is my little brother.", and went on her own story. The ship was going up to North on the Mississippi. Toward the end of the story, the conflict between Nroth and South was getting severe.

The end of this story was told on the ship floating down on the Mississippi. Elisa who run away across the icy Ohio, holding her baby in her arms, whose husband was George Halis who run away from his brutal master, and Tom's first master's son, George Shelby...Moreover, there were girls who called Cathy and Emelin who hid in the gost room to run away in the end. What heppened to those characters? Looking back to the previous episodes, let me tell you each stories. In the mean time, it is very important to know its background at the time. The conflict between the South and North got severe over the slave problem, ending up the country itself, America almost split up in half. We need to have a glimpse on why this novel had to blame the slavery. IN the mean time, I am getting ready to have President Lincoln in this lecture. "Uncle Tom's cabin" is a fiction, but its background was a real history. We will finally be able to find out the true dignity of America by understanding this novel as well as Lincoln. It keeps asking us all the problems we have today.

Let me tell you the scene when Tom was dead more in detail. Cruel Legare blamed the two of runaways on him and told him to tell where they run away. He went, "I wouldn't tell even if I were blamed to death." Legare went, "As you wish, to the death." Tom heard God's voice at that time. It went "Don't be afraid of those who kill your body." Then he drew his last breath. Please be reminded that his old master's son, George showed up in the previous episode. He came to South to look for Tom from Kentucky. He finally met Tom after resale. However, he found Tom right after his death. George dug a hole in the sand dunes to bury Tom and putting his jacket over him, saying "Mr. Tom, I can only do this. Keep it to the heaven." Then George put his hands together and swore to Tom as follows. "I will do my best to eliminate the cursed slavery from this country." The young George's body was shaked with anger.

His new master, Legare, was a cruel guy like a devil. There was a beautiful slave named Emelina among the slaves he owned. He said to her, "I will have you as my wife." She knew she would run away no matter what, even if it was the muddy swamp she had go through. There was a lady named Cathy who was to save Emelin. Legare was indeed superstitious so that he was afraid of the room called "Ghost Chamber". One day, Cathy saved Emelin and hid inside that chamber, pretending that they run away. On the other hand, Legare hit Tom who resisted against his order. "You can't buy my soul." was the words he said before he went numb. He died with his hand holding the bible. Then this one young boy showed up in front of Legare. He was George, who was the son of Tom's previous master in Kentucky, coming here to get Tom back. He knocked him down with furious anger. In the mean time, Emelin and Cathy both made it out of the house.

St.Clair's word to set Tom free was never kept, and he was sent to the slave market. He was sold and bought at the auction as an item with a soul. It was Simon Legare who bought him. He had a cotton field in the southern part of New Orleans. He hid his bible so that no one could take it away from him. There was this one beautiful slave, who came with him, named Emelin. They were taken to the field, with chains to themselves. The master, Mr.Legare, was trying to punish this one female slave, and so he told Tom to lash her for him. He refused it, saying "No". Mr.Legare slashed him with his fist, and goes, "You belong to me, not only your body but also your soul. They are all mine." Tom goes, "No, no one is to control my soul, not even you." Mr.Legare decided to take that beautiful Emelin as his wife. Everybody treated slaves unlike humanbeings. Now the time was approaching when this custom was to change.

Eva, the beautiful bronde girl, was dying soon. Tom was praying to God, sleeping outside of her room. Her father, St.Clair was weeping deeply. Eva said to her, "I am going to heaven, not dying." Her mother, Marie was not described as a good-hearted woman in this story. She was described as a sick histerical woman. However she mourned deeply when Eva died. There was a woman called Ophilia in St.Clair's house. She was his cousin, who came all the way from the North to help him, as Marie was sick. Bad things would come one after another. After her death, St.Clair was caught up in a fight in the town and got stubbed. When he was dying, he began the process to set Tom free as he gave hihs word to Eva. After his death, his wife, Marie went against his plan, setting Tom free, because he was the slave who would go on sale with the highest price ever. How would his destiny turn out?

The story continues from the previous episode. Tom missed the log cabin in Kentucky a lot. The letter came to him then. It was wrote by little Goerge. Eva said to him, "It is now your treasure." It also said that his log house was there waiting for him to come back to be cared. By the way, there was a dark shadow approaching Eva, the beautiful girl, who read the bible to him every night. One day, Eva said to him, looking above the sky, "I am going above sometime soon." She lost weight and looked so thin now. He was frightened with no words to say. She said to her father, "Please set Tom free after I pass away." He went, "All right. I will do as you say." She went "Thank you my dear father." They hugged. What happened to her? This scene made lots of white women cry with tears. They were starting to fight for the slavary.

Let's get back to the story about the Shelby's house in Kentucky. It was the house that welcomed the beautiful slave who run away with Uncle Tom along with the kid. Tom's letter said that he was longing to the day when he was redoomed. The master, Shelby, gave his word to him that he would get him back someday, however he didn't have enough money yet. The slave aunt, Crow, decided to work 4 dollers a week. They were looking for someone who could work in the pastry store, baking cakes and breads. She goes, "How many years should I work to get him back?" He goes, "It would be 4 or 5 years. I will help. So it will be shortened." The aunt and Mrs.Shelby had such conversation. Once the deal got done, little George in the house wrote a letter to Tom with the detail. It is easy to think of Tom smiling. He read the letter over and over again. The author described humanitarianism while people took slave trades for granted. In the mean time, the time was drastically changing.

One day, St.Claire, Eva's father, bought a dirty slave girl. He saw this little girl crying with tears by being tortured in a restaurant and couldn't help taking her with himself. He washed her in the mansion. She had her back hurt with lots scars by the lash. Her name was Topsy. She neither knew her father nor her mother. She had no chance to know God, either. She stole things, told lies....she was out of control. There was a lady called Ophilia, who was St.Claire's cousin, doing house chores there. She decided to educate her. Topsy was very good at dancing and singing. Eva was very nice and friendly to Topsy. Topsy never knew what love was, as raised like an animal, without any sympathy. But everybody could tell she was changing. Mrs.Stowe tried to describe how that black slave girl was changing decent by education. She knew humanbeing could change depending on the environment, circumstances. It definitely changed how people saw slaves at that time.

The beautiful girl, Eva, and her father, St.Claire, were on their way back from their northern trip. Tom, the sold slave was with them. Tom saved Eva when she was fell down into the river. This accident helped them get closer. Eva asked her father to buy Tom from the slave marchant. Their ship arrived at New Orleans. There was a big slave market there and they saw lots of slaves on sale in the market. St.Claire was the owner of the big farm and he had many slaves worked in his mansion. He was the designated coachman as they became to trust him during the trip. His master, St.Claire was getting ill by drinking alcohol. Tom begged him to quit drinking with tears. He was grateful. It was his first time to see such a big house as this. Once you step out of the house, you could see acres of cotton and suger cacne fields in front of you. It was slaves who were chained and whipped with lashes who sustained this vast field. The luxurious lives the white people had were also thanks to them. However, the white people's days with luxury were to end soon. It was like the movie, Gone with the wind. The world was about to change tremendously.

Tom moved to South whereas Elisa moved to North. It meant that the things would get harsh when a slave was forced to go further to the north. It was not this case, for Elisa. She was fored to go to Indiana, Ohio, after Kentucky. She was saved by the quakers who believed in God. What she aimed for was obvious by describing the difference between the south and the north. George, her husband, yelled at the pursuers, "I am not Mr.Harris' belongings. My wife, my kid, and I are all free. I will do anything to keep this freedom." The quakers protected the family under the name of God. It went the same with the enemy. They helped one of the pursuers who bleeded by a gunshot by George. The poeple in North who whiplashed the slaves as if they were not human. And those who respected and saved the wounded enemies. This comparison as well as her talent in writing left a great impact on people. This is like the saying, the pen is mightier than the sword.

They run into the rock mountain when they were about to be caught. George goes, "We are free from everything. We'll protect our freedom by this gun." There hit this one guy with the bullet he gunfired. Those fellows run away leaving that wounded guy behind. Elisa goes "You are bleeding. Please let us heal and help you." George and Elisa took him to the quakers by the carriage. In their house, they took care of him gently. Mrs.Stowe tried to compare cruel slave marchant with the sweet black people as well as the white with the good hearts. This left a great impact on the white, especially on the white women, and the movement against the slavery was started and spread instantly. The story, in which President Lincon said to Mrs.Stowe that you were the one who let the war started, means that she did very well to see what she wanted by writing this novel.

Elisa was protected in the house of Quaker. She was able to see her husband, George, again there. However she heard a horrible news in that house. Those fellows were going to catch him to do the worst to him exemplarily, moreover they would send her on sale in the market in New Orleans. Those fellows are six or seven strong tall guys. George showed his intension to fight by holding a gun. His family departed in a carriage with his people past midnight. Eight of the fellows are approaching them soon. They could hear them screaming. He held the gun so tight. There goes the western drama starting now.

Mrs.Halidie, the Quaker, said to Elisa, "Do you want to go to Canada no matter what?" Elisa goes, "Yes, madam. I had a dream in which Slave-traders came to catch Harry last night." There came one rough guy, whispering something to Mr.Halidie. Elisa went pale thinking that there might be any flyers where she was wanted. Mrs.Halidie said to Elisa with a frightened look, "God has blessings for you. Your owner is now at the house of our mates. He is coming here tonight." Elisa repeated "Tonight, tonight.", sitting down and passed out. After a while, she woke up to find out Goeoge, her husband's face looking down on her with tears. There were some fellows chasing for them outside.

Tom saved a beautiful girl called Eva who fell down to the Mississippi on the way to the market. Eva asked her father, St.Claire to buy and own him. Therefore he paid a lot of money to buy Tom. It was at the port in New Orleans. St.Claire had him as the coachman. Eva was happy with this sweet smile. By the way, what happened to the half-blooded beautiful slave, Elisa? Elisa had moved on to the house of the Quakers in Indiana. This one old Quaker women asked her, Do you really want to go to Canada? You can stay here as long as you want. God will always protect everybody who come to this village. Elisa goes "I will go to Canada." She made up her mind. More and more poeple were now trying to save slaves.

What happened to the mother Eliza and her son who came across Ohio State covered with frozen ice? Actually, they made it to Ohio, by getting rescued from the river. Those who rescued them took them to the Senate Bird's house. He asked his friend in the woods to help them. He was very friendly to the slaves and had helped lots of them by now. He pointed at the gun on the wall and gave his words that he will protect them with this gun. It was Mrs.Bird that had the sanate take his action. She gave them some outfits and cheered them up nicely. This unveils what the author was aming for.

Now, how was it going with Uncle Tom who was sold away? He was going down the Mississippi in the boat. There goes the slave market waiting for him to the south. Tom looked up from the bible to find out this beautiful girl standing in front of him. She goes, "I am Eva, and I will call you Uncle Tom." They enjoyed the conversation together. When the boat was shaken hard, she fell out from the boat. It was Uncle Tom who jumped into the river right away to save her. It was Eva's father who bought Uncle Tom. Eva asked him to get the slave, Uncle Tom, at a high price. The Mississippi and the beautiful girl. This situation impressed a lot of people just like Mrs.Stowe planed.

As you may be already aware, Butler is George. He is the slave who works at another farm, and is Elisa's husband meaning that he is Harry's father. George goes, "My father was white, but my mother was black, therefore I was sold, taken away from my mother. I grew up knowing no love. I cried out at night when was little, not because I was hungry nor I had this ache with the strokes of a whip... but because I had never been loved. Eliza has an angel heart. I will travel to Ohio tomorrow. If I ever be caught, I would be buried just like a dead dog." This novel became the bestseller in 19's century. At the same time, this masterpiece is the first book which was sold more than million in the history of America. It is important to know the purpose she wrote this novel.

"Reward $400 for anybody who catches the slave, Joe." saying the flyer, posted on the hallway in a hostel. An old guy goes, looking at the flyer, "It must be Goerge, who worked at my factory. He was a nice guy indeed". There comes a young guy who looked like Spanish, said his name as Butler and asked for a room. The old guy looked at him and inclined his head. The young guy approached him, saying "It's been a while. It's Butler". There goes the old guy's cry sounded in the hallway.... It was very sensational how Mrs.Stowe described slaves as dignified people and had impact in the time. The pen is mightier than the sword. Her pen sparked the Civil War. Who is Butler? What is he going to tell? Stay tuned.

Uncle Tom was sold away, leaving his wife, Chloe, behind. On another front, Shelby, who ran away by stepping on the ice, met Senate Bird in Ohio. She was asked about his husband by the senator. Her husband worked at another farm, trying to run away from his brutal owner. There posted a flyer in this one hostel, saying "Wanted, the slave on the run. There is a reward!" That goes, "He is 2m tall, fine-looking, smart, and has a mark shaped like H." The strange destiny was waiting for the slaves who run away.

Uncle Tom's Cabin written by Mrs.Stowe is called "the novel which caused the war" had a big impact on mass opinion. When Abraham Lincoln met Mrs.Stowe for the first time, he showed his respect by calling her as the little women who caused the big war. We talked about the scene where the slave merchant showed up. The beautiful slave, Elisa, accidentally heard them speak about the scheme to have her son go on sale in the market. She trembled to hear that. Looking into Harry, her son's eyes while he was asleep, and she said "I will never let you go." with her gleaming eyes. She made up her mind finally. To be continued in order to know more about slavery.

Today's topic is Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was written by Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe after the Civil War, had a great impact on mass opinion abround the states. It's always true that mass opinion would make a difference on the war's fate. However, the Civil War had something to do with the slavery, the mass opinion went a little susceptible. Releasing the slavery is nothing but human freedom, and so it is a battle of justice, the Civil War. It was getting inevitable for the country to abolish the slavery as the world itself was being aware of the right and freedom. Her novel driven the mass opinion toward this wind with a liberty. We shall go deeper to the core in the slavery with these backgrounds behind.

The Emancipation Proclamation is a very critical incident in terms of human rights and peace. The South would not work any more without the slaves' labor by 19th century. The South needed slavery in order to sustain those large cotton and tabacco fields, whereas the North was against slavery as they had a good industrialization and so they needed a variety of labors. Their conflict got worse and worse, and it turned out as that incident, the Civil War, when Abraham Lincoln, who pursed for the North's good, was elected as the president. During this war, the Emancipation Proclamation was declaired which made a difference on the battle end. However, the discrimination against black people had persisted long after the slavery was abolished, and it still remains as the big problem for the United States.

Discrimination is a perpetual problem for human-beings. From acient time throughout the years, it has been a threat for our peace. Especially the discrimination against skin color was very serious. It was supposed to be better to have white-colored skin than any, and it was considered to be the worst to have black-colored skin. There were some incidents where black people were treated as if they were something less than human-beings back then. There was this kind of thoughts behind the history on slave trading. There still are slave tradings and markets going on out there till the present day even after the Emancipation Proclamation and other laws declaired. I need to learn this history when thinking about Peace.

The immigrants' son, Fujimori, graduated from the college with a first -class honors degree. He became the principle at Institue of Agriculture. He wondered why this country stayed poor and devastating even though we had a plenty of resources out there. There had been inflation going for years and it reached 17,000 deaths because of terrorism for 10 years. The politicians seemed weak. That helped him to decide to run for presidential election. He sold one of his tractors to make some money. All Fujimori's supporters are Andes people who had been oppressed. What they saw through Fujimori were diligence, honesty, and technology that Japanese had. Moreover, they were driven by the hatred against white people. However, his destiny was like a roller coaster. Let's think about what's supporting peace.

As we talked about Inca Empire, let's move onto Peruvian immigrants. After the new continent was found, slave trade had been popular for a long time, but when it was coming to an end, immigrants started to arrive at Peru. Those immigrants including Japanese were deployed into designated areas and treated like slaves. They ended up running away to Lima, and still kept suffered hard times. Those hardworking Japanese people gradually suceeded and earned credit. There was a son who had such immigrant parents crossed the ocean all the way from Kumamoto. This fellow welcomed a girl to be his bride from Japan after a few years. They had baby eventually born to be the president Fujimori later on. It was dramatic how he became the president. All the supporters were descendants of Inca, and Andes glowed during the election.

Many of the natives were killed after the continent was found by Columbus, and some kingdoms as well as native cultures with the long histories were destroyed. One of them was Inca. I cried with tears on the top of Machu Picchu ruins. Caucasians do the killing and invasions under the name of the missionary. What was striking the most was new plants were brought to Europe at the same time to save a lot of hungry people. For example, potates, corns, sweet potates, tomates, and tabacco. These problems releated to the race, skin color, and religions still persist in the present time. We shall learn how important, and difficult at the same time it is to keep peace using the historical dramas.

Christianity was divided into two groups upon the religious reform. Catholic, as the old religion, was trying to spread it on the new continent and asia. When Columbus found that new continent, it was the beginning of the tragedy for the natives. What could the two different cultures whose stages are at the different levels bring? It could mean things that may happen when we bump into the new era with the space. He set sail because he wanted to see Zipangu, the counry of gold. The Caucasian did not see the natives as human. They did killing people under the guise of missionary. It was started when they landed on Isla San Salvador in 1492.

As Christianity was gradually and widely spread all over the world as the global religion, it got corrupted to suffer people instead. There came Martin Luther from Germany, who stood up to change it. He taught how to regain the freedom and power controlled by the church. His teaching was called Protestant, and it is called "New Religion" whereas Catholic is called Old religion. The Churches of Rome started to feel responsible about it too. It was the Society of Jesus that was famous among them. They tried to spread Catholicism on the new land. That's why Francis Xavier made it to Japan. We can never separate Peace from Religion in the end.

There is a religion at the base of peace, and so is a religion at the base of peace. Jesus Christ is a Jew, but he sriticized Jewish religion. Jew was descliminated as the ethnic group that put Jesus on the Cross after squeaking. Jewish ancestors built a nation on the land promised by the god. Therefore there still goes the war. They are the strange ethnic group. Jesus Christ preached the love for the neighbor and reached out his hand to those who were discriminated. Christianity had been spread over the Roman Empire and became its religion. Christianity has been popular to this date, making some mistakes from time to time. Let's think about peace by taking a piece of acient Jew and Christianily.

Religion is the crucial topic that is inseparable from humanbeing. Religion is always there with human history and so it is new and old at the same time. All the conflicts related with religion have never ceased throughout the history. Religion is also inseparable from peace. The three major religions include Christian, Buddhist, Islam. People say that we, Japanese are not that interested in religion, but we must be aware that it is not acceptable. We accept many international students from all over the world. Therefore we need to understand what religions are in order to understand them.

Mr.Shozo Tanaka claimed that the true civilization would neither ruin mountains and rivers, and nor destroy villages, and kill people. Moreover he said that the civilization is like a robber. These words still mean a lot to us. All the diseases like Itai-itai disease, Minamata diesase, and the Fukushima accident are telling us so. It is time for us to think about what the civilization means seriously. It was 1912 when Mr.Tanaka wrote these words on his diary. Right after that, Meiji emperor passed away and the era changed to Taisho. Let us think about Shozo Tanaka and the pollution from the point of the civilization.

It had a big impact on the society that Shozo Tanaka made a direct plea to the emperor. Especially those who were young and responsible were inspired. Among those ones, there were Mr. Kanzo Uchimura, Mr. Naoya Shiga, and Mr.Takuboku Ishikawa included. Kanzo Uchimura took off Ueno Station for the mine to investigate by train. There were piles of soils contaminated with mineral poison. People called it the hill of poison. Mr.Shozo Tanaka asked for the mine to terminate its operation. Its poison resulted in the dying trees around the pond, causing the frequent floods because the trees failed to keep its moisture. Those floods reached over Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, and Tokyo.

One of the things that prevents us from having a peaceful life is pollution. It turned the Jintsu River, which was called "River that God is passing", into the river of Evil, and it turned Watarase River which was rich with lives, into the death river. There are some who call Fukushima Nuclear Plant "nuclear pollution." The pollution started with itai-itai disease after the war, but there was a pollution case called "Ashio mine" before the war. Today is the first lesson in "The origin of pollution and Mr.Shozo Tanaka". Our Gunma prefecture has something to do with this Watarase River. There are still some contaminated soil left at the bottom of the river that is threating our lives even now.

In the previous speech, I received a question about the relation between pollution and peace from an audience. A quiet lives are exactly what the peace is aiming for. In respect to that, it is very important to understand the history of pollution. Subsequently to Minamata disease, we shall talk about Itai itai disease that occurred near Jinzu River. Jinzu River, meaning that God would pass the river, turned out that the polluted river with cadmium like a demon's river. I was just like that Watarase River, that used to be a river of life, turned a river of death, due to mineral poison. A hero is needed now like Mr.Shozo Tanaka who fought for Watarase River issue. As civilization develops, there always has to be a pollution coming up. It is important to know pollution history to protect our peace.

It's the time of disasters, currently, it is not only wars but also disasters that threaten our peace. Disasters includes earthquakes, tsunami, typhoon, and nuclear accidents, plus, let's include pollution this time. Pollution is defined as any harm that is caused by human's action. As the example of big typhoons, Catharin Typhoon and Isewan Typhoon are the topics. There are possibilities where these kind of typhoons frequently would occur in the future. The latest pollution that hit us was the Fukushima accident, but today we will talk about Minamata disease. Corporates that pursue the profit and the governments that never stops them is the theory throughout the time.

Jokan big earthquake hit the northeast shore in 869. The professor in Tohoku University studied the trace of this tsunami by the geography aspects and flagged the Great East Japan Earthquake. As he flagged, the huge tsunami hit. He studied and analyzed geological stratum carried by the tsunami to see when the tsunami occurred and how big those were. From this study, it was found out that the big tsunami have been repeated in a regular cycle. However, TEPCO and the conference both did not listen to this theory. They believed in the myth of Safety. Only if they were to listen to this and take necessary action, the accident in the nuclear plant would not have been occurred so as to say.

This Hokkaido earthquake was totally unxpected. However it is now hard to say any disasters are to be unexpected anymore. Where would it occur next time? Is Gunma a totally safe place by now? What about Kanto Plain? Its footsteps can be heard anytime soon..... It shaked so hard that you couldn't keep standing straight 90 years ago when Kanto Big Earthquake hit. The Great East Japan Earthquake was not over yet. There is a plenty of possibilities where any big earthquake whose intensity is 7 could hit Kanto Plain according to the geography expert. We now need to get ready for a complex of typhoon and earthquakes hitting the center of Metropolis at the same time. It is a sign that earthquakes occur inland. Tokai, Tokai South, Nankai are approaching soon. There are 2 nuclear plants along.

There was a big earthquake that hit Hokkaido. Its intensity was 7, which is the same as the earthquake that hit the western parts of Japan. If this earthquake were to occur deep in the ocean bottom, there could have been a tsunami and it might have ended up juat like Fukushima. This earthquake revealed that so much of our lifelines depends on the electricity. Many of the medical institutes stopped working due to this long blackout. It was found out that even small clinics must have equipped with emergency power-generating unit in order to save lives. Peace will be built and kept when you have your own equippment and supplies ready for any emergency case.

You may remember Chernobyl and Three Mile Island when you hear the words, nuclear accident. Phase 7 is the worst number as to indicate how bad the accident is. Chernobyl was defined as phase 7, and at the same time Fukushima was defined as phase 7. Startling facts were revealed under the investigation conducted by the board. We need to check it on the side of countermeasure, and the actual countermeasure that was mislead, both. At the same time, we must have knowledge about how the nuclear explosion goes and its consequence, radiation. There still is a possibility where the accident happens. It is very important to learn about the accident if you want to protect our lives.

August is soon ending. That nuclear that was used 73 years ago was lead to the current nuclear plant, even though it was called as a tool to make peace. Making vapor with that tremendous heat to turn the generator work to make electric....this is the basis of the nuclear generation. Therefore once anything goes wrong, nothing could stop terrible radiation generated. It's been 7 years since the accident and it's not yet been winding out. Both of the reports submitted by the congress and other non-governmental institutions cocluded the same, which was this was a calamity caused by human error. Do we still want to keep the nuclear plants work and go on their function? The issue now we are facing is extremely critical.

Remember the last word to close the war, made by Showa Emperor. It's been 73 years since then, and this time, Heisei Emperor gave us the word. It is obvious that one era is closing soon. Remembering the history that they "underwent", Heisei emperor said that we must not make it happen again after these peaceful years since the war. Those words may have included thoughtful feelings for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There must be a quiet passion in his heart, who had suffered from the hard time ever.

Heiwa festival was held in Nagasaki after Hiroshima. In both festivals, both of the mayers asked for the world without nuclear. It was bombed at 11:02 on August 9th. There's no word to describe how awful it was just like Hiroshima. Secretary General of the United Nations, Guterres attended Heiwa festival at Nagasaki. He paid attention to the human's chain which means high school students circling where the bomb hit. He claimed that this place should be the last place where the atomic bomb was hit to suffer people. And the high school students decided to eliminate nuclear from this world. Youngsters out there today who have no interest in politics and society need to learn from those students in Nagasaki.

It is extraordinary hot this summer, but it was hotter 73 years ago, like a hell with extreme heat. It was then when atomic bomb(genbaku) was hit and the bomb night at Maebashi. The nuclear power was spread in a second all over the world. There's no rule about the war, so if you get nuclear, you want to use it anytime. We are in the danger. We need to play a big role as the only nation that has been through the nuclear disaster. It is very important to face the reality and the fear with the nuclear power. It is inevitable to remember North Korea upon talking about nuclear. Soon There are messages sending from Hiroshima and Nagasaki to the world. This summer is going to be spcial to me.

Currently, it's the nuclear that is one of the biggest problems of all in the world upon talking about the peace. The movement of non-nuclear is being demanded when talking about North Korea, and some are claiming for Japan to have nuclear to defense, Therefore we need to learn about nuclear as we keep seeking peace. Nuclear was made during the world war II. The physicist, Mr.Albert Einstein was involved in it. The nuclear experiment was sccessfully done for the first time on July 16th, Showa. It was brought to Tinian Island and on the next day, those were bombed on Hiromashima and Nagasaki. It's now time to think about peace as August has come.

Ms.Kaz Matsui arrived at Agatsummachi. Her sister's home, Yamada Clothing store, was located in front of the station. In the morning, people got together from all over the town. Among them, there were old friends and classmates. They said that she looked very young, as if she has never gone through a hard time. And at the same time, they saw her five children. One of them said that it was a good thing that wee lost in the war. Her daughter got married in China. They came to Japan, after everything got settled down. On Showa 64, a big incident occurred which was the emperor passed away. All the people went through the hardest time. You could see them sitting on knees in front of the Imperial Palace. There were a few people who did suicide to follow him. The public gamble such as horse racing were all cancelled. The time had moved on to Heisei.

On Showa 47, Prime Miniser Tanaka visited Beijing to make the relationship between China and Japan better. Kazu said that the people changed and turned very nice since then. It was delightful and stunning for her to see Japan for the first time in 30 years. Many people came to the airport to welcome her. The night at Tokyo was so nice and busy that she couldn't believe that it was Japan. She was impressed the next morning with her hometown dedlighted with the sunshine. Her homegirls all said that she was like a Taro Urashima. Kazu made a decision to bring her family back in China to Japan. It's been 46 years since the diplomatic relationship recovered.

Peace and War are two unseparatable things. You can see it throughout the history. Ms.Kaz Matsui ran away from Manchuria and ended up getting married to a Chinese guy and had 5 children.
Soon after that, she got involved into the historical incident, the Chinese Revalution. It was a hard time for Japanese people. She missed her home, Japan, so bad. A few years later, China started to recover the relationship with Japan, which meant letters could be reached Japan. And so she received a letter from her father. That country she dreamed of so bad...... Would she have made it to Japan to meet her family again?

While Japan was gearing up to build up peace, those who were left in the continent were getting involved with another war. These are the ones who needed to be happy immediately in order to complete Japan's peaceful world. Our goal here is to know Manchu's disaster through Kaz Matsui. She got married with a Chinese guy who worked at the coalpit to get out of the disaster. Soon after that, Japan had its diplomatic relationship got better with China. She was surprised to see how much the country had changed when she came back.

It was how to let Japanese emigrants come back that was Japan's biggest problem after the war. Especially the ones in Manchuria went through the hardest time, and many of them did not make it to the home land. Some of the women there had no choice but being victim of the time.
Additionally, those who were left in Siberia reached up to 60 millions and 6 million of them were dead because of the cold and starvation. The disaster even continued after the war.

Japanese constitution was the beggest hope for all the citizens recovering from the devastation after the war. The sovereign rights were now citizen's. They received the freedom and power that would deserve the sovereign. Their basic human rights were now guaranteed. It was now promised that free speech, free thoughts, free education, and free religion would soon come true. On Showa 22, May 3rd, the new constitution was executed. I entered a junior school on this year, and found out that the textbooks were all renewed based on the democracy at the same time. The first line in the textbook went like "All the good kids with flowers in their heads." as far as I remember. Heiwa is something we gain with sweat and labor.

Showa 20th was the biggest turning point since Japanese history began. It was when we started to build HEIWA from the new concept of values. On the next year, Showa 21 January 1st, the emperor made a human being declaration. Let us ponder what this declaration meant. When speaking about HEIWA, what matters the most is the Constitution of Japan. It may sound difficult, but it's worth trying. Wen need to learn something from those Japanese people at that time recovering from the damages they went through. The supplies were very scarce, but there were hopes in their hearts. You could hear "Apple's song" all over the place as if it was upraising them.

That August in Showa 20 was to decide the outcome of WWII. When it was seen objectively, it was obvious that Japan was losing soon, however, there were still some soldiers capable of fighting left and so some people were taking it serious that the battle would take place on the main island.

People would all get confused just like SENGOKU (war) period hundreds ago in the history. The official meetings were held many times. The debates and discussion went on forever. At this timing, Sir Suzuki conducted what he planned in his mind for a long time.

Today's peaceful world has made up of those sacrifices. Heiwa is not something just coming out of nowhere.

Sir Kaztaro Suzuki became Prime Minister as the age of 78. I would like to tell you how he felt, what was on his mind, how he saw the war itself, and what he was going to do in his last moment. He was the true soldier who know how precious the peace was. And that's why he took his time contemplating the strategy how to save the country. His biggest stage was the meeting called GOZEN meeting. It was related with the relationship with the emperor, the constitution, and the Potsdam Declaration. We need to learn that soldiers' mission was to protect civic lives, meaning that it is to protect our peace in lives.

Saipan is located 2,250 km away from Tokyo. They all believed that we would lose if Saipan would fall. It was Saipan that would decide our fate. America had already got B-29, which was the fortress in the sky, ready to go. It could fly continuously for 5,600 km. It flew 10,000m up with the speed of 600 km per hour, with 4 tons of bomb loaded. They wanted to take over Saipan to make an attack over the main island using B-29. That's why Iwo Island was needed for them as a place to supply. On the other hand, we positioned Saipan as the center of the national defense area. They were approaching day by day, taking over Saipan, Tinian Island, Guam....one by one. There were a lot of native residents on the island, whose lives we would easily imagined were desturbed in a short period of time.

Lieutenant general Kuribayashi dug a basement under the ground and had all the soliders go there to fight. All those trenches were connected under the ground so people would come and go. It worked well to took US soldiers by sneak attack. At the same time, it was such a labor to dig up the tunnels, and there went ground heat reaching up to 60 degree and sulfur gas to make them suffer. It took them a whole day to dig up only 1 meter on the hardest part on the ground. All they wore were only one fundoshi, and they had to take turns in 5 to 10 minutes to proceed. They enjoyed the squall that occasionally passed. Somebody wrote a poem that goes "Squall is the tear of the life, they have no idea how much we rea desparate waiting for the rain." We must keep it our mind, those who went through the hardest time of all the history.

US military was guradually encroaching. Iwo island (Iwo jima) is located 1,500 kilometers away from Tokyo. Its size is as small as Yamanote line. They thought a week was enough to take over the island. Sir lieutenant Kuribayashi's plan went well to prevent them from succeeding it. His plan was a guerrilla under the ground. What was that guerrilla battle was like? Moreover, what was he like, lieutanant Kuribayashi? This island was the key place as they could attack any cities on the main island if they occupy there. Lieutanant Kuribayashi was famous as he made US military suffer the most. There was no river or any springwater on this island. Nothing was more precious than a drop of water here. There was a mass opinion rising in the states which was "Don't let any more young soldiers of us die in the war." What was the next step that they chose then?

This is the final episode of the battle of Papua New Guinea. Let me explain what the peace means truely and what our sacrifices were for using the pictures I took when I visited there in 2001. History repeats itself. It's time for us to make use of this experience, having lots of sacrifices, to a more peaceful world. We will talk about Crossing over Salawaket which left lots of dead, which as well as the school where I delivered stationery. Those southern islands are now exposed to risk. In that point, we, as Japanese, serve them with competence.

Rabaul was very important for both Japan and America. Therefore Japanese army did their utmost to defend it. Marshal Isoroku Yamamoto, who left here to visit the battlefront, was shooted down by the hostile. It was because the secret code was cracked. That news made them happy as the big outcome during the WWII. I will talk about the triangle including Isoroku Yamamoto, Shigeyoshi Inoue, Mitsumasa Yonai, who were against the war as well as three-party alliance. Let's think about why we could not avoid the war upon the disaster on there.

I visited Papua New Guinea as a commemorative pilgrimage in 2001. The beautiful ocean and the jungle used to be the battle field. Papua New Guinea refused to align with America and Australia, and became the last fort for Japan. There were wreckage of Zero's in Rabaul, and the Dampier Straits that swallowed soldeirs were there, combering. I left there on October 21st. It was right after September 11 attacks struck at New York, the United States of America. History repeats itself. To prevent it from repeating, it is now very important to look back at the battle field.

The battle of Okinawa tells us how disastrous it was to drag citizens into the war. It helps us to imagine what would have happened if the war invated into the main land. Those who were brainwashed that being a captive was a shame and the hostile was savage, decided to end their lives on their own. On April 1st in 1945 (Showa 20th), the hostile steppend on Okinawa, then on June 18th the Himeyuri corps killed themselves, on June 23rd, all soldiers of our own were destroyed.

These girls were called out for nursing care, and died in the war. I cried to see high school students crying over the girls in the Himeyuri Peace Museum. The Himeyuri Student Corps represents how tragic it was, the only war in WWII embroiling citizen. Those young girls were dying crying out "I don't want to die yet". We should not conclude this with this is how the war goes. I would like to approach the Heimeyuri Corps' last in order to see the picture of Okinawa Battle. Okibawa was the final fort before the war in the main land, and so was ended up sacrifice. It is necessary to know more about the battle of Okinawa to learn what WWII was about.

Paralympics is the word combining "parallel" with "Olympics". It means "Another Olympic game" and is held for disabled people. It is impressive to see them performing lively by overcoming any difficulty. Paralympics is telling us that there will be more chance for us to make this world a better place.

Its opening ceremomny was started at 8 o'clock on August 8th, 2008. The record number of 204 countries had joined. Our leader with the flag was Ai Fukuhara. The venue was called "Birds' Nest" whose cacpacity is a hundred thousand. The official motto for this Olympics was "One World, One Dream". Its goal was to build a modern worldwide city, to show their dignity to the world. In order to achieve the goal, Beijing needed to unit the country and stable society. Let's review what seemed to be lost, and what had gained. China had become one by overcoming conflicts between ethnic group, growth and gaps, and a single-party domination by communist. Beijing Olympic let the world know how China had greatly changed.

Tokyo Olympic was held in Showa 39, which was 1964. Its outsome was great enough to prove that Japan had already recovered from serious war damages. It was also at that time when color TV and Shinkansen came out. Japan has become one by Tokyo Olympic. However, a voice was heard, saying that we need to pay more attention to human sensation than materials.

We, Japanese, were very impressed with Japanese volleyball team called "Eastern witches", Mr.Tsuburaya who won Bronze medal at marathon, and Geesink who beaten Team Japan at Judo.

Olympic is now facing its turning point. Another Tokyo Olympic game is coming soon in 2 years. What are the lessons learned in the previous Tokyo Olympic? "Gorin Ondo" is playing endlessly in my head.

What impress you the most during the festival of Peace, which is Olympics, is all the players that are trying to see the limits.

However, there are differences in race, skin color, religion, and culture in the background, and it is meaningful to support peace by overcoming them, to become one.

From that point of view, let's talk about Muhammad Ali, Abebe, Ben Johnson, Jesse Owens, and Cathy Freeman as well as its history and the truth about discrimination. These topics are very important for us to establish a peaceful environment.

Olympic is supposed to be the festival of Peace. It is suppored with friendship, bond, and fair play. Today we have two examples for you.

One is the incident that took place in Olympic Barcelona. Ms.Derartu Tulu from Ethiopia, who won the women's marathon 1000m, waited for Elana Meyer and finished the winning run, hand in hand with her. Elana is from South Africa.

The other example is the case about Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima in Olympic Athens. He was leading the marathon, until he was attacked by a guy who pushed him out of the course that caused him 15 delay im time. In the end, he won the bronze medal.

Modern Olympic has been started in Athens, proposed by Mr.Coubertin. At that time, what he aimed for was the friendship and World Peace through sports, however, it is turning out that there has been a lot of problems arising such as politic conflicts and only win or lose game. Let's find out all kinds of problem we are facing by studying carefully about Olympic. Now is the perfect time to look at its history when a lot of people are confused and there are little voices of crisis hearing all over the world.

Tomi Kora is known as the first upper house member right after WWII, also known as the first female politician who visited to see the camp in Siberia, having taken a risk in breaking the law. What she faced there was the "artificial" environment.

All the Japanese there cried out by looking at the luggage with Rising Sun flag, Hinomaru. Her grand father was Mr.Tajima Yahei who was called "Saint of Gunma" and her mother was a graduate of Meabashi girl's high school.

The people she met at the camp were war criminals, therefore they were not allowed to send letters. But Tomi did her best to change it and they have gotten allowed to do that. They were astonished to see how much their home country were changing through magazines. It was 1956, the year of restoring relations, when they were allowed to go home. It was 1952 when Tomi landed on Siberia.

I got a copy of "Thank you letter for Marshal Stalin" at National paleography museum at Khabarovsk. We had to go through a time-consuming process to get a permission. Its contents unveiled how much they flattered Stalin. It said that Stalin was the best genius ever, and the best alpha that led all the labor. Moreover, it was describing us, Japanese, as Slave labor under the Capitalist, and it was critisizing Japanese Capitalist class as thievish Imperialist and flagitious Eastern redcap. This is exactly typical masochistic description of someone. Japanese labors waited in a long line and rushed forward to sign on this letter. We need to reflect how they were feeling back then, one more time.

They felt tremendously nostalgic, claving for their hometown. They sang a song called "Mount in a foreign country" which resonanting over Siberia. It was believed that those turned into communists would be allowed to go back home. In that severe situation, they had no choice but betraying each other under the name of "democracy".

Not so long after that, that day when they would be freed was nearing.

They could not believe it until the land of Siberia was out of sight finally.

There was no words to describe how happy they felt when the land of Japan showed up in front of them.

There were old mothers who waited for their son for too long, others were wives who waited for their husbands. Maiduru port was full of people with joy and tears. Those who made it to the land of home luckily, had never forget those who passed away because of cold and scarce food.

At the year of the end of the war, about 600,000 Japanese were interned in Siberia, and 60,000 people of them had died because of hunger, severe weather, and harsh labor.Most of the rest of them who survived it have already passed away by now. You never learn how precious it is to live in peace without having despaired in missing home.

They began forcing Japanese to move to Siberia in the fall of 1945, and it was the end of 1956 when the last man has stepped on the land of the home.

I received a letter called "Thank you letter for Stalin", in which I was the first Japanese to receive, describing how sad Japanese people were feeling back then.

To continue this story, let's talk about the first female member of Congress who visited the camp, whose name was Tomi Kora next week.

Currently, the biggest threat to humanbeing is "nuclear". Japan is the first nuclear-bombed country throughout the human history. That's why it is necessary for us, Japanese, to have knowledge of "nuclear", not only as a Japanese citizen but also as a world member of Planet.

Why was the atomic bomb created?

What is the principle of the atomic bomb?

Why was it Japan that the bomb struck?

Nuclear is being spread over the world. You can not have your own opinion without correct knowledge and information. First, let's begin with the fact that it was bombed on HIROSHIMA in August 6th, 1945. Now, "nuclear" is becoming a new problem in the world.

Sugihara is the one who helped thousands of Jews flee Europe by issuing transit visas during World War II. It was the time when Hitler was trying to kill Jews, and those who were escaping that situation desperately asked for visas.

Japan had Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, therefore it was hard for Japan to issue visas which might result in opposite action against Germany.

Sugihara took it on himself to issue without the goverment's permission.

What urged him to do so is humanism, and Bushido, which means Samurai spirit. Those are now what we, Japanese, are missing and to need to gain one more time.

Today's pick-up points

1. Atlanta used to be famous as the town of "Gone with the wind", but now it is called "Town of Disobedience" , or "Martin Luther King's town".
2. How John F. Kennedy helped King, about the anti-black group called KKK in that time, and the incident where Rosas Parks was arrested in the bus.
3. Nonviolent civil disobedience won in Supreme court proving that King was right.
4. The famous line, "I have a dream", made buring the presentation by King
5. About Nobel Peace Prize
6. About Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Even after the slavery was demolished, they still continued to discriminate against black people. Black people must be treated equal under any circumstances. They would all know that reasonably, but the ideal world would not come true without any actual steps. Martin Luther King Jr. is the one who fought for the black human's rights. He was impressed most by the book about Mahatma Gandhi, which described his nonviolent civil disobedience. He became to believe that what went well in India would go well in the states as well. Over time, he became the leader who asked for the justice for blacks.

"Mahatma" means Great Spirit. He lead India an independent nation by employing non-violence and disobedience. Among great political leaders who followed him, Albert Einstein, Martin Luther King Junior, and Dalai Lama are found. Especially Albert Einstein was greatly influenced by him, moreover, Osamu Tezuka was inspired by Gandhi fighting against England, to write Astroboy. He wrote the letter called "To all Japanese people", to critisize Japanese militarism. He was assassinated at the age 78.

Gandhi is unofficially called the Father of the Nation, and he was born On October 2nd, 1869. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence.

India used to be England's colony at that time. Gandhi was the leader of teh Indian independence movement, employing nonviolent civil disobedience.

He boycotted British goods including any British clothing, and wore only cottony cloth weaved with Traditional Indian facture.

His disobedience, including Salt March against the tax on salt, got lots of attentions from all over the world.

All he had on the last day of his life, were one handy toilet, a goat, a walking stick, a spinning wheel.

Summary about Red Cross, established by Dunant

• The World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day is set on 8th May, celebrating his birthday.
• Hakuaisha, which was established in 1877 during Satsuma Rebellion (so called Seinan War), is the predecessor of Japan Red Cross.
• Geneva Convention was signed by Japanese government in 1886. Hakuaisha became Japan Red Cross next year after that.
• Japan Red Cross sent their people to the devastated area when Mt.Bandaisan erupted in 1888, for the first time for a natural disaster, other than wars and conflicts.
• It was Sino-Japanese War that Japan Red Cross sent their human resources outside the country for the first time, for the international matters and conflicts.

Dunan was born as the eldest son of the old family well-known in Switzerland. He dropped out of a private preppy school due to his poor academic results. After that, he achieved in YMCA(Young Men's Christian Association), and later on he proposed to make YMCA a global organization. After a while, it came true as World Alliance of YMCAs established in Paris.

His words, "Tutti fratelli" (All are brothers), is now well known over the world.

In 1901, Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize, and its prize was all donated to the Red Cross.

His birthday, 8 May, is celebrated as the World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day. And so now he is called Father of the Red Cross. Its activity guradually had expanded from relief of captives, to support of victims after disasters.

Nightingale who was called "Angel in white" or "Angel with a lamp", was also known as Angel of Peace. Injured soldiers leared how foolish the war could be and how precious the world with peace was through her presence. And what she was trying to achieve was broadly known throughout the world. It became the basis for National Red Cross to be founded later.

Her policy, which are:

1. We take care of the sick regardless of friend or foe.
2. Nurses must be protected under any circumstances.
3. Our flag has a red cross on white color to show that it's a hospital.

These form the base of the Geneva Convention now.

Summary

1. NIRMAL RIDAY(The Home for the Sick and Dying Destitue), SHISHU BHAWAN(The home for the orphans), SHANTI NAGAR(Village of the peace)
2. "The hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone"
3. She took care of anybody who needed help regardless of their physical condition or religion. She was a fervent Catholics.When she received the Nobel Peace Prize along with the award, $192,000, she decided to give it away to the poor in Calcutta.
4. You will see the sign that emphasizes "DYING" at the NIRMAL RIDAY(The Home for the Sick and Dying Destitue).

World Peace is sustained by certain people who are making efforts at risk to their lives.

As we take peace for granted just like air, it's time for us to learn from those people.

In this series we will cover Malala Yousafzai, Wangari Muta Maathai, Nelson Mandela etc, who got the Nobel Peace Prize.

Today I will talk about a Muslim girl, Malala. We shall learn the preciousness of peace, how to keep peace, from the way she lives her life.

What triggers a war? Looking back over the history, it was a mistaken nationalism that considered domestic interests first, without looking at other countries. As it seems impossible that the world is becoming one ideal country for the moment, each country must discuss to create rules to follow.

It was League of Nations that was created from the reflection of World War I.

Evantually League of Nations ended up in failure and United Nations has been formed after World War II instead and hitherto existing up until now.

Its main purpose in their activity is to keep the world in peace.

HEIWA, meaning peace in Japanese, represents a peaceful world without wars. Human history has been made of wars ever since its origin. Even at the present time, there are wars out there throughout the world and what is most needed is peace in such time.Our current country has re-started from the defeat in World War II 70 years ago and our Japanese Constitution, which is our origin, was born in the defeat.

Japanese Constitution holds out the following three principles:

1. Sovereignty of the people
2. Respect for the fundamental human rights
3. Pacifism

In the preamble of the Constitution, it is written that we establish that all of our humanbeing in the world have the right to be free from fear and starving, and live in peace.